Learn ICT Now

Web pages should be designed so they can be accessed and viewed across different browsers and by people with disabilities, such as those with visual impairments. This includes practices like adding descriptive alt text to images for screen readers and using relative font sizes so users can adjust text size through browser settings.

To examine something by breaking it down into its Component parts and exploring how those parts interact to form the whole. Analysis goes beyond simple identification or explanation; it involves a detailed investigation that may consider broader implications, issues, or consequences. It often addresses deeper questions such as “So what?” and “What if?” to uncover meaning and significance.

All the measurements of the human body, for example, height, weight, how big your arms are, how big your calves are.

A Data structure that is a collection of elements, each element has what is called an Array index or key, which can be thought of as a pointer. And you can refer to that element by calling it’s index or key.

Artificial Intelligence or AI is the simulation of human intelligence through the use of computer systems. It is often used in the Context of using a computer to create content that appears to be written or produced by a human. In video games it is used as a way of describing code and behaviours that are assigned to elements of the game such as non player characters and enemies so that they act as though they have intelligence. This could be following a path and chasing an enemy if they detect one.

A characteristic that describes either a Function (something that a thing does) or a physical aspect (something that a thing is). Sometimes you might hear the word metadata to refer to an Attribute, meaning that it isn’t the Data itself, but the thing that describes the Data

In senior Technology programmes, the term “Basic” is used to Identify curriculum level 6 (NCEA Level 1) specialist knowledge and skills. Further explanation can be found in the explanatory notes of the subject specific standards. The progression is from “Basic” (curriculum level 6) to “Advanced” (curriculum level 7) through to “Complex” (curriculum level 8).

This is the name of a number System with only two digits. It is a way of counting by only using 1s and 0s. It is used in computers because it is easy to represent using a bunch of wires that are either on or off.

Short for ‘Binary digit’, it is the smallest unit of Data that a computer can have. It can only be a one or a zero.

A System or bit of a System where you don’t know what is inside. You know what kind of input and output it has, but you don’t know how it does it. This is important to simplify describing a Complex System, it can be a problem if you Need to understand that part too.

A type of building programmes using drag-and-drop blocks that click together to make your algorithms.

A Data Type that can store two values, true/false, yes/no, 0/1, on/off, etc.

A Data Type that can store two values, true/false, yes/no, 0/1, on/off, etc.

A navigation aid that helps users understand their location within a website’s structure. Breadcrumbs display a trail showing the path taken to reach the current page, making it easier to backtrack to previous sections or return to the starting point. They prevent users from feeling lost and improve overall site navigation.

A document that outlines the intended Outcome to meet Stakeholder needs. It explains what must be done and why, and includes Specifications and Constraints that Define the requirements. A well-constructed Brief provides clear guidance for developers, ensuring the solution aligns with objectives and limitations.  

A part of a programme that doesn’t work like you think it should. Fun fact: it came from a long time ago when computers were the size of rooms, and the Bug was an actual Bug that had died and was causing an electrical short circuit!

Eight Bits together is called a Byte. In some systems, this can be called an Octet too.

A way of naming in which a compound word uses an initial capital letter for each of its word parts. In some systems, the first letter of the compound word is capitalised, for example, “CamelCase“; in others, it is in lower Case, for example, “CamelCase“. The Convention was adopted in the 1970s and 1980s as a standard for multi-word identifiers in a number of Programming languages.

A type of writing in Programming where you use a capital letter for all the word parts in each word in a compound word or phrase, and no spaces. It is useful for Text-based programming because sometimes you Need to name something that needs more than one word and you can’t have spaces. For example: spriteRunningFunction (also see snake_case convention)

A Control mechanism in which the value of a Variable or expression changes the execution of a program and which usually involves multiple branches.

A Control mechanism in which the value of a Variable or expression changes the execution of a program and which usually involves multiple branches.

A single square that can contain Data in a spreadsheet. It is referred to by its Cell Reference which is made up of its Row and Column index. e.g. B4 will be the Cell where the second Column (B) and the forth Row (4) meet. Hence B4

The Row and Column name combined that references a specific Cell. e.g. B4

A Data Type used to store a single Character. Often enclosed in ‘a’

A “Check Digit” is an extra digit added to the end of an important number such as a credit card number, product code (bar code), identity number, tax number, or a passport number, that can be used to check if the number has been typed in correctly. In some situations more than one digit is used, in which Case it is referred to as a checksum.

Clip can refer to a short piece of video or clipping or moving through objects in video games when collisions have been turned off. This could be either intentional or unintentional.

In version Control the term Clone is used to mean make a copy of a Repository. This usually means make a local copy.

Computer numerical controlled refers to the automation of machine tools that are operated by a computer. In modern CNC systems, CAD/CAM drawings are output to programs that can generate a computer file that creates the commands needed to operate a particular machine. These commands are then loaded into the CNC machines for production. Since any particular Component might require the use of a number of different tools, such as drills, saws, modern machines often combine multiple tools into a single “Cell“. In other cases, a number of different machines are used with an external controller and human or robotic operators that move the Component from machine to machine. In either Case the Complex series of steps needed to produce any part is highly automated and produces a part that closely matches the original CAD Design.

A vertical series of cells in a spreadsheet. Usually represented by a letter. e.g. B4 is in Column B (the second Column).

Data found in simple file formats used for storing tabular Data. CSV is an abbreviation for “comma-separated values”. A comma is used to separate each value in a Row. A new Row is used to store information about a different record or item

Disabling a block of Source code by changing it into a Comment. This technique is used for Debugging or for Testing the functionality of alternative versions of code.

Adding comments to Explain how the code in a program works or what it does. The comments are ignored by the computer and are there for the humans reading the code to help them understand what the code does.

Switching off a piece of code by changing it into a Comment. You do this instead of deleting your code because you might want it again later, or it might not be the problem you are looking for (in which Case you can Switch it back on)

When you are designing something, a Communicative Model is the way you Describe the thing you are designing or making. It doesn’t say whether the thing you are making or designing is good or not, it is just describes it as it is.

Wider (community) stakeholders are those people that are less directly influential for or impacted on by the practice or Outcome. They can, nonetheless, be identified as having some level of influence, often through others, and/or they may be affected by the Project or its Outcome in the future.

These are symbols that you put into logical statements that are either true or false. They are used to compare two things, they are: – equal to “`==“` – not equal to “`!=“` – greater than “`>“` – less than “`=“` – less than or equal to “`<=“` These symbols are not what is drawn in most Text-based programming because not all of them are available on your keyboard. For example, not equal to, is often represented by an exclamation mark like != because those are symbols available on most regular keyboards.

Potentially conflicting outcomes within Technological practice that require identification and a judgment on relative value in order to decide on an appropriate course of action. Competing priorities might include such things as: – conflicting Stakeholder viewpoints – expedient practices versus ethically acceptable practices – the use of renewable versus non-renewable Resources – budget Constraints versus the use of ideal materials – the use of Resources of cultural significance in traditional versus contemporary contexts.

When planning a Project sometimes you have competiting priorities. This means there are multiple ways that you can go, and you Need to weigh up which one is better or worst for what you are trying to achieve.

In senior Technology programmes, the term “Complex” is used to Identify curriculum level 8 (NCEA Level 3) specialist knowledge and skills. Further explanation can be found in the explanatory notes of the subject specific standards. The progression is from “Basic” (curriculum level 6) to “Advanced” (curriculum level 7) through to “Complex” (curriculum level 8).

A System that might contain more than one System, or subsystem. You can use the Black box approach to simplify it so that you can understand the whole thing, and that might help you work out what each part does.

The three strands of Technology in the NZC (Technological practice, Technological Knowledge, and Nature of Technology) – together with the six specialist knowledge and skills strands for levels 6, 7, and 8) – Support the development of students’ Technological Literacy. Each of these strands is broken down into smaller groupings (or substrands) called “components”. For example, the three components of Technological practice are Brief Development, Planning for Practice, and Outcome Development and Evaluation.

A word or a symbol that is used to link together other conditions to create a Constraint. They are: * AND * OR * NOT they will evaluate to true or false.

A word or symbol, for example, AND, NOT, OR, &, used to link conditions when creating a Constraint, with each Condition able to be evaluated as true or false. This supports a program to make a decision based on a number of such conditions.

Squishing a bit of Data down so that it takes up less space than the original. There are two kinds of compression: *Lossy compression – you remove some of the Data (sometimes there might be a pattern, so you remove the repeating bit and say that it repeats) *Lossless compression – stores a map of the repeating Bits, so that you do not remove any Data in the compression A Zip file is one type of file that can contain several other files that have been compressed together.

A computer-generated virtual realisation of an Outcome, process, or System used for Conceptual design and Modelling to represent, communicate, and assess physical and functional attributes.

A computer-generated virtual realisation of an Outcome, process, or System used for Conceptual design and Modelling to represent, communicate, and assess physical and functional attributes.

A computer-generated way to visualise something especially something quite Complex – like a complicated process or a System

CNC refers to the automation of machine tools that are operated by a computer. In modern CNC systems, CAD/CAM drawings are output to programs that can generate a computer file that creates the commands needed to operate a particular machine. These commands are then loaded into the CNC machines for production. Since any particular Component might require the use of a number of different tools, such as drills, saws, modern machines often combine multiple tools into a single “Cell“. In other cases, a number of different machines are used with an external controller and human or robotic operators that move the Component from machine to machine. In either Case the Complex series of steps needed to produce any part is highly automated and produces a part that closely matches the original CAD Design.

Automatically controlling various tools from a Design that has been made on a computer. These tools can include things like lathes, routers, grinders etc.

A Computer Simulation (or computer/Computational model) is a virtual realisation of an Outcome, process or System, used for conceptual Design and modelling, to represent, communicate and assess physical and functional attributes.

A way to Describe a proposed technological Outcome using a visual method – for example a to-scale plan or drawing

The Conceptual statement in a developed Brief communicates the purpose of the Technological practice to be undertaken – what is to be done and why.

A written way to Describe a proposed technological Outcome. It is usually at the beginning of the Brief and will Explain what you are planning to do and why

A statement that a program checks to see if it is true or false. If true, an action is taken. Otherwise, the action is ignored.

Statements that only run under certain conditions.

A good idea should be protected by keeping it secret until it is developed it into drawings or plans which can be Copyright, or a product which can be patented. Confidentiality agreements can be used to prevent others stealing ideas while the inventor consider how to develop them. They allow someone to Discuss their ideas with others, for example manufacturers, and such discussions will not Count against them should they eventually decide to apply for a Patent (see discussion of novel under Patents, below). Confidentiality agreements can be enforced in court.

A good idea should be protected by keeping it secret until it is developed it into drawings or plans which can be Copyright, or a product which can be patented. Confidentiality agreements can be used to prevent others stealing ideas while the inventor consider how to develop them. They allow someone to Discuss their ideas with others, for example manufacturers, and such discussions will not Count against them should they eventually decide to apply for a Patent (see discussion of novel under Patents, below). Confidentiality agreements can be enforced in court.

Technologies used in network connections, which may be wired, optical, and wireless technologies.

The external limitations or restrictions on the Technological practice, including such things as available Resources (materials, ingredients, software, components, etc), budget, classroom equipment, time, codes of practice, etc.

External blocks to what you are trying to do – it could be something like, not having the things you Need or the knowledge.

Limitations or restrictions that affect the development of a digital product. These can include factors such as available Resources, timeframes, and budget, which must be considered during planning and implementation.

Create an Outcome or idea.

The setting for something, that makes it easy to understand the whole story. So if something can be situated in several different settings, understanding which setting you are talking about makes it easier to see the whole picture.

How a computer System operates or is “controlled”

The processes inside a System that means that you get the output you want and not the ones you don’t want. Having good Control and feedback means that the System can be self-regulating.

A piece of code that takes Inputs called Variables to decide which way the programme will go

The System that is used to manage how a series or tasks, instructions or algorithms are carried out.

The principles, techniques, and/or procedures established by a “community of practice”. For example, in Construction and Mechanical Technologies accepted Conventions relate to such things as flush, parallel, perpendicular, offset, symmetry, Array, tolerance, ease, press fit, clearances, eccentricity, and taper.

A Legal term to mean that you are allowed to copy and reproduce someone else’s music, art or writing

The number of items recorded or counted. Also a spreadsheet Function that counts the number of non empty cells in a Range.

A Function in a spreadsheet that counts the number of cells that meet a single or multiple criteria, for example, the number of cells in the Range C2:C11 whose value is greater than three and less than 12.

A Function in a spreadsheet that counts the number of cells that meet a single or multiple criteria, for example, the number of cells in the Range C2:C11 whose value is greater than three and less than 12.

Making a judgement in a way that is not influenced by your personal feelings or opinions. You look at just the facts. ALT: Evaluating and analysing an Issue, Opportunity, concept, or idea in a way that considers both positive and negative qualities of the thing, and the impacts of those qualities. For example, “[x] may be able to do [y, z], but at the cost of [a, b]. This could be because of…”

A Critical path is the sequence (order) of activities or tasks that Need to be carried out in order for the Project to be completed on time. The Critical path identifies which the order that tasks Need to be completed and when. [Wikipedia – Critical Path Method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_path_method)

Certain points in your Project where it is an important time to check in. This might be when you make a change in your overall plan, or evaluate what you have done so far.

Usually associated with Game Development. It is the period of time before a game (or products) release where a lot of hours are worked in order for the game to be completed on time. It is associated with hostile work practices that cause mental, societal and health issues that exploit workers. [Time – Video Game Crunch](https://time.com/5603329/e3-video-game-creators-union/)

Data found in simple file formats used for storing tabular Data. CSV is an abbreviation for “comma-separated values”. A comma is used to separate each value in a Row. A new Row is used to store information about a different record or item

CSV stands for comma seperated values. This is a type of file that is usually for large amounts of Data, and each piece of Data is seperated (or delimited) by a comma

Doing something on the Internet, usually again and again, to make another personal feel angry, sad, or scared.

Raw facts or figures without Context or meaning. e.g. 1, “Boris”, False

The assurance that Data remains accurate, valid, and consistent throughout its lifecycle. This can involve checks such as verifying calculations, comparing electronic Data against source documents, and ensuring correct formats are applied.

The format that a piece of Data is stored in. It is important as you should only manipulate Data that is of the same type. Examples of Data types are Integer, Float, Boolean, Character, String, date / time.

Fixing errors in your programs or algorithms: There are two possible types: * a logical Bug is an error which means that the computer is able to carry out its instructions, it doesn’t act as the programmer intends it to be * a syntax Bug is an error caused by something the programmer has typed, and the computer might not be able to do it at all

To break something down into smaller parts

Decomposition is when we break a problem down into smaller parts to make it easier to solve

To look at a text or artwork and understand what assumptions (whether they are stated or not), ideas and framework went into making it.

State or Describe exactly the nature, Scope, or meaning of.

Extract or draw from an acknowledged source.

Detail and/or characterise; to give an account by giving details of the characteristics. This means to Identify and give an account of; to make reference to the qualities, characteristics or recognisable features. A simple explanation can also be included.

To create a concept or plan an idea. A preliminary representation of the intended final Outcome, created before development begins. It provides a clear indication of what the solution will look like and may include formatting details and formula notation (for example, in a spreadsheet). Conceptual designs are often produced using simple tools such as pen and paper.

Things that are part of what you consider when you Design something. It can be something like colour, style, texture etc There can also be Design elements relating to Function – how something works – for example, efficiency, user-friendliness, consistency etc

Ideas specifically around Design, and may be informed by research, what other people have done and what you have done in the past. It should meet the Specifications of your Brief.

Decisions or opinions made about a Design that can come from a person’s perspective, taste or values. It can also be supported by research.

Someone who acts safely, responsibly, and respectfully Online.

Digital Products and systems developed through Technological practice for a specific purpose. A technological Outcome is evaluated in terms of its Fitness for Purpose, and can be described by their physical and functional nature.

Digital Products and systems developed through Technological practice for a specific purpose. A technological Outcome is evaluated in terms of its Fitness for Purpose, and can be described by their physical and functional nature.

A specialised field of learning, such as food technology, nanotechnology, computer science, medicine, etc.

Consider, compare, and contrast different evidence and opinions with others; debate.

DNS stands for Domain Name Service. It is the service that translates URLs to IP addresses for all of the Internet.

When making a formal working drawing in a certain Discipline, there are rules around what certain symbols and practices mean.

A method of sending information using telephone or television cables.

In relation to computing Dynamic usually means that something is able to change.

An IP Address that changes, everytime you reboot your modem. See Also, IP Address

To improve something by making it more effective, efficient, or appealing.

Check that something is there or included

The surroundings of, and influences on, a particular item of interest. **Electronic environments** can be defined as functional combinations of hardware and embedded software in the real world – that is, circuits, prototypes or products. In Technology, **physical Environment** commonly refers to the location of the specific practice or the place where a final Outcome will be located. In Technology, **social Environment** refers to the Context of a group or groups of people and their interaction with a technological Outcome and/or its development. (A subset of a socio-cultural Environment.) In Technology, **socio-cultural Environment** refers to the combination of the social and cultural (including historical) Context within which a technological Outcome is developed or used. **Socio-technological Environment** refers to the Context(s) created by the interaction of Technological outcomes and non-technological entities and systems. Socio-technological environments include such things as communication networks and hospital transport systems. Exploration of these environments shows how Technological outcomes (products and systems) and non-technological entities and systems (people, natural environments, political systems etc) interact together.

The structure that something or someone operates in. So in everyday life, we consider the word ‘Environment‘ to mean the land around where we live. In technology, this could mean the Context that the thing you are making operates in. So for example, if you are building a piece of equipment for going into a hospital, the Environment is the hospital, and that might be different from being in a school… it might have different electricity requirements and different regulations.

Error control is the general term for Error Correction and Error detection systems.

Error Correction is a step better than Error detection; when it detects an error it tries to put the Data back to how it should have been.

Error detection is a method that can look at some Data and detect if it has been corrupted while it was stored or transmitted. Read more on CSUnplugged’s website here https://csunplugged.org/en/topics/error-detection-and-correction/unit-plan/

The process of determining the success or value of something. In a Project Context, Evaluation involves asking questions such as:

• Does it Function as intended?
• Does it solve the problem and meet all requirements of the Brief?
• Has readability, legibility, and presentation been checked?
• Is the content accurate?
• Is it consistent and aligned with the Design or plan?
• Has documentation been completed?
• Have any modifications been recorded and explained?

An action that causes something to happen.

“Explain” requires students to Describe in detail the “what” and the “why”, in order to clarify information. This means to Provide reasons for, to account for, to Provide a clear answer, to clarify. Logical reasons are provided.

“Explore” requires students to undertake research and Analyse the results.

First Attempt In Learning

Fair dealing is when you are allowed to use copyrighted stuff because of public benefit. The main problem is that you Need to get a court to decide what is fair, so you cannot rely on this if you are copying something.

Using an acceptable amount of a copyrighted work for private study, research or in some countries making social commentary. The problem is that it requires a Legal Case to determine what is Fair Use. A better strategy is to obtain permission to use the copyrighted materials.

Capable of being accomplished or brought about.

Responses from people who have a specific interest or investment (time, financial, emotional) in a Project. Feedback can be positive or negative. For example, your teacher may be a Stakeholder in one of your in-class projects. When your teacher is discussing with you what they think about it, they are giving you Feedback. When a System does something, and something happens as a result of that thing, if the System that created that Outcome receives information – that’s Feedback. (That’s why it’s feed-BACK). Feedback is a mechanism, process or signal that works within prescribed parameters to Control a System – this is called a Feedback Loop. See also: Control and feedback

Cables that use the Transmission of light energy instead of electrical energy to transmit information.

Depending on the Context of this term, “Field of technology” could either be a field of research (such as ‘biology’ is another form of research) or industry (such as, “I want to get a job in the technology field” – not entirely grammatically correct, but close).

The relationships between file types and programs are called file associations and that is what lets the computer decide what program opens each file type by default.

The bit after the dot in a filename. Most modern computers hide this by default, and you have to Switch it on to see it. The file extension tells you what kind of file it is, some common ones include “.docx” for document files from Microsoft Word, “.jpg” for image files etc

The type of file it is. file format is a term that means both the structure and the content. For example, an image file compressed using JPEG compression is simply called a “JPEG Image File”. Often interchangeably used with the term “file type“

The type of file it is. file format is a term that means both the structure and the content. For example, an image file compressed using JPEG compression is simply called a “JPEG Image File”. Often interchangeably used with the term “file format“

A measure of how well an Outcome performs its intended Function in the intended Context. It evaluates whether the solution addresses the identified problem, meets all requirements outlined in the Brief, and satisfies the needs of the target audience.

A Data Type used to store a floating point decimal number.

A visual representation of a pathway of thinking or doing, where the person using a Flow diagram might be offered different options and can follow how the choices they make produce different outcomes.

A named section of a computer program that performs a specific task. Functions help make code more efficient and reusable. They may take input parameters and produce output.

A piece of code that tells the System to run a particular Function. For example, in Python, “penguin()” is the Function call signal to run a Function called “penguin”.

Without a Function declaration, a System does not know what a Function is supposed to do. Some systems have Function declarations built into their libraries, but if you create a new Function, you have to write a Function declaration in order to be able to use it. If the Outcome of your Function is supposed to be a cake, a Function declaration is much like a recipe for the computer to follow.

The active properties of an Outcome – “what it does”.

Modelling is a critical element of technological knowledge. Functional Modelling is a Component of Technological Modelling which may be undertaken during the development of a Project. Functional Modelling tests suitability of Design, enabling the ongoing Evaluation of Design concepts for yet-to-be realised Technological outcomes. Evidence gained from Functional Modelling is used to establish (or not) a defendable Case for its further development.

Functional qualities include such things as: * operation – for example, the interface between movement and ergonomics * construction – for example, material and assembly * size, scale, and proportion.

Functional reasoning focuses on “how to make it happen” and “how it is happening”.

A bar chart that shows when tasks Need to be undertaken within a Project, and, perhaps, the Resources required for them. (Named after the American engineer Henry Lawrence Gantt.)

A graphic template on which Data is entered and is used to compare and contrast the identified Data.

An interface that supports users to work with electronic devices via icons and visual indicators rather than through text commands. The icons and visual indicators are generally manipulated by a mouse or via touch screen technology.

Graphics practice involves expressing a visual literacy through the development of a Design idea by applying Design and visual communication techniques and knowledge.

An interface that supports users to work with electronic devices via icons and visual indicators rather than through text commands. The icons and visual indicators are generally manipulated by a mouse or via touch screen technology.

A user Guide, document or tutorial to Explain how to complete a task.

Assigning a value directly into the Source code of a program so that it cannot be changed unless the Source code itself is altered.

Assigning a value directly into the Source code of a program so that it cannot be changed unless the Source code itself is altered.

Human Computer Interaction is the process through which people use and interact with computer systems.

Sensory Testing using the Hedonic scale has the tester evaluating the product and marking it on a Range from “like extremely to dislike extremely”.

A rule of thumb, or practical approach used for quick decision-making, problem-solving, or forming judgments, especially when perfect information isn’t available.

A Function that performs a Heuristic (shortcut). For example, you might code a program to skip a step or perform a hidden task as a result of user input, that makes their use of the program easier. This would be a Heuristic function.

In digital Design, human factors consider how other people might use your program (solution/Outcome) and what might improve or negatively impact their experience. For example, user interface heuristics make it easier and more efficient for people to use graphical user interfaces without getting confused.

Human factors include ergonomic and aesthetic factors that influence the Design of products, systems, and environments. These factors may include, but are not limited to, the use of anthropometric, psychological, and sensory Data gathering and analysis techniques. An understanding of spatial relationships between people, objects, and their environments is important when considering Human factors in design.

To recognize and Provide an appropriate name or label for something. It may also involve distinguishing one item or concept from another.

The conclusion that can be drawn from something (using evidence) although it is not explicitly stated.

A thing inside its Context. For example, if you were Testing a digital solution for a doctor’s surgery, you would want to observe that digital solution being used In situ, rather than in a digital lab.

# Glossary In the sidebar to the left you will find links to a Range of different glossary terms that relate to Technology and Digital Technology.

With respect to Intellectual Property, this term is used to Describe the acknowledgement that is due to the culture of the indigenous people of any country. It is not strictly a Legal term but refers more to the respect that should be given to other people’s beliefs. Indigenous Rights are considered to arise in connection with things like traditional knowledge (for example, the healing properties of native plants), folklore, artistic works, and traditional performances, including dance and folk music. The haka and the poi dance are New Zealand examples of indigenous culture. Other countries have their own indigenous culture. These things are not protected by our current Intellectual Property Legal System because they have been in existence for hundreds of years and the Intellectual Property System only protects developed ideas for a certain term of years. After that time they become part of the public domain and anyone can use them for free. Another reason why traditional culture is not protected is because it is difficult for the law to decide who should own it. Some people think this situation is wrong and that some new System should be developed to give Legal protections to traditional culture. The respect and honour that is owed to some traditional culture should mean that it is never permitted to become part of the public domain for anyone to use in any way they choose.

If you do something, and a computer or System ‘receives’ that, you’ve given it input. If that input triggers a Function, you might receive some kind of Feedback from the System.

A conclusion that includes nuance, an Implication, or realisation that was not originally obvious. This shows original thought.

A whole number that can be positive, zero or negative. It cannot be a fraction or a decimal number. e.g. -5, 0, 1, 3.

An IDE is a software application that provides a Range of tools to programmers and developers in one application. This means there is a Source code editor, compiler or interpretor, syntax highlighting, Debugging and the ability to make final versions of the program. They can include other features like GUI editors and more Complex documentation facilities.

Intellectual Property is an original, creative product of the intellect, such as an idea or an innovation, that can be developed into something more tangible, such as an invention or a work of creative endeavour. As “property” it can be owned, rented, sold, or stolen.

Just as you can steal physical property (such as a car), Intellectual Property is the idea that what you create in your mind has tangible (real) value in the real world. As a result, it can also be stolen. Intellectual Property Law is a part of the law that protects the rights and value of those intellectual creations.

Systems that have been designed to adapt to environmental Inputs in ways that change the nature of the System components and/or Transformation processes in known and unknown ways.

Technological practice also results in other outcomes that are referred to as Intermediate Outcomes. These Intermediate Outcomes are very important in technology and technology education, as they are valuable for developing ideas, exploring, Testing and communicating aspects of Technological outcomes before they are fully realised In situ. These include such things as feasibility studies, conceptual designs, models, prototypes, and so on.

A group of devices that are connected to each other worldwide.

Internet Protocol or Intellectual Property Internet Protocol is the set of rules governing how Data is sent from one computer to another across the Internet and other IP based networks. Intellectual Property is an original, creative product of the intellect, such as an idea or an innovation, that can be developed into something more tangible, such as an invention or a work of creative endeavour. As “property” it can be owned, rented, sold, or stolen.

A unique number that is seperated by full stops that identifies each thing connected to the Internet.

An Issue in Technology refers to a specific subset of a Context that will enable students to Identify a Need or Opportunity.

A sequence of instructions in a program repeated until a certain Condition is reached: – with a “for Loop“, the instructions are repeated a certain number of times – with a “while” Loop, the instructions are repeated until a given Condition becomes false – with a “forever Loop” (also known as an “infinite” or “endless” Loop), the instructions are repeated endlessly.

Iteration can be a verb or a noun. For the noun, you would refer to something as “an Iteration“. If you created a computer program, this would be the first Iteration (noun) of your Project. If you tested that program, improved it based on Feedback, the next version of your program would become the ‘second Iteration (noun)’. If you tested that program and improved it, the next version becomes the ‘third Iteration (noun)’. This is what is called an iterative process; the action you are taking is also called “Iteration” (verb). You don’t Need to Describe whether you are using the word Iteration as a verb or a noun – the Context of your language will determine that.

A table formed by combining columns from one or more tables in a relational database.

Decisions made, or opinions expressed, that Reflect a designer, or developer’s perspectives, values, tastes, or views, which may be supported by qualitative and/or quantitative Data through research. These can and should be made at all stages of the development process.

Provide an explanation with acceptable reasons or evidence.

Guardianship, stewardship, trusteeship, trustee.

The important steps required to develop a technological Outcome. These Key stages, which can occur sequentially or in parallel, are often documented in a flow chart, and may be reviewed and changed as the Project proceeds.

The important steps required to develop a technological Outcome. These Key stages, which can occur sequentially or in parallel, are often documented in a flow chart, and may be reviewed and changed as the Project proceeds.

Key stakeholders are those people that are directly influential or will be directly impacted on by the Technological practice itself and/or its resulting outcomes (including the technological Outcome and any other by-products).

Requirements that have been established by law. The necessity for Legal compliance can influence the nature of the practice and the development of the Brief. Legal responsibilities are set out in: * Acts (e.g., Fair Trading Act 1986, Consumer Guarantees Act 1993, Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992, Privacy Act 1993, Employment Relations Act 2000, Resource Management Act 1991, Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996) * Standards (e.g., ISO standards – 9000, 14000 series, Standards New Zealand [SNZ] standards)

Requirements that have been established by law. The necessity for Legal compliance can influence the nature of the practice and the development of the Brief. Legal responsibilities are set out in: * Acts (e.g., Fair Trading Act 1986, Consumer Guarantees Act 1993, Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992, Privacy Act 1993, Employment Relations Act 2000, Resource Management Act 1991, Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996) * Standards (e.g., ISO standards – 9000, 14000 series, Standards New Zealand [SNZ] standards)

Linear Interpolation, is a mathematical Function in Unity that returns a value between two others at a point on a linear scale

These are pieces of code or digital objects that help a System understand the difference between different options.

A sequence of instructions in a program repeated until a certain Condition is reached: * with a “for Loop“, the instructions are repeated a certain number of times * with a “while” Loop, the instructions are repeated until a given Condition becomes false * with a “forever Loop” (also known as an “infinite” or “endless” Loop), the instructions are repeated endlessly.

A technological Outcome that does not carry out its proper Function successfully is described as a Malfunction or is said to Malfunction.

Hospitality, kindness, generosity, Support – the process of showing respect, generosity and care for others.

Working with existing materials in ways that do not change their properties as their composition and structure is not altered.

Manufacturing processes include such things as milk powder manufacture, beer brewing, meat packing and freezing, carpet manufacture, urea from natural gas, newsprint, oil refining, injection-moulded plastics, electronics, fish filleting and freezing, rotationally moulded plastics, superphosphate, agricultural machinery, possum and merino yarn, marine/leisure products, niche furniture, and garment manufacture.

Manufacturing systems include such things as: one-off custom manufacturing of a unique single product batch, intermittent or short-run manufacturing – multiple copies of the same product or a single batch of a processed product continuous (often called “assembly line”) manufacture flexible manufacture and customisation.

Knowledge underpinning Material evaluation procedures includes such things as a material’s composition and structure; how a material’s properties can be changed; the material’s expected Performance Specifications; and the social, cultural, and environmental factors associated with where the product is to be situated.

A mental Model is an explanation in someone’s thought process for how something works in the real world. Mental models have been studied by cognitive scientists as part of efforts to understand how humans know, perceive, make decisions, and Construct behavior in a variety of environments.

A Milestone is a key point in a Project that represents a stage of development. This could be when a task is expected to be completed by or a point where certain work needs to be presented to others for example. They represent larger goals or points that are to be achieved in order for a Project to be considered successful.

A Mind map is a diagram used to represent words, ideas, tasks or other items linked to and arranged radially around a central key word or idea.

The steps taken to reduce the incidence and/or the effects of failure.

A Mockup is a physical representation of an idea (part of an intended solution) that is used to test/predict its feasibility.

A Model is a physical representation of a Technological solution (sometimes scaled) that enables a solution’s feasibility to be tested/predicted.

Physically representing an idea, sometimes to scale. Usually so that you can test or predict whether it will work.

Technological Modelling is the Testing of Design ideas to see if they can contribute to a fit-for-purpose technological Outcome. There are two types of Technological Modelling: – Functional Modelling is the ongoing Testing of Design concepts – Prototyping is the realisation of a fully functioning Model Taken together, the two types of Modelling Provide evidence of factors that may impact on, and consequences that may result from, the development of a technological Outcome. Technological Modelling involves two kinds of Reasoning: – Functional reasoning – how to make it happen, how it is happening – Practical Reasoning – should we make it happen? should it be happening?

The manner in which an activity is conducted, for example, digital applications, photography, image manipulation, animation, models, and the Range of conventional drawing and sketching methods.

Mode of production refers to production processes that include batch, continuous and semi-continuous

An identified requirement of a person, group, or Environment. A Need is identified from an Issue and sits within a Context. Technological practice can be undertaken in an attempt to meet an identified Need.

A Need in technology refers to an identified requirement of a person, group or Environment. A Need is identified from an Issue, and sits within a Context. Technological practice can be undertaken in an attempt to meet an identified Need. An Opportunity in technology refers to an identified possibility for a person, group or Environment. An Opportunity is identified from an Issue, and sits within a Context. Technological practice can be undertaken in an attempt to realise an identified Opportunity.

Just like “nested dolls” sit within each other, loops must sit inside each other completely, or they don’t work.

Four Bits together is called a Nibble. It is sometimes also called half a Byte.

Eight Bits together can be called an Octet. It is more commonly called a Byte

Connected to the Internet.

The boundaries and/or conditions within which a System has been designed to Function.

The boundaries and/or conditions within which a System has been designed to Function.

An Opportunity in Technology refers to an identified possibility for a person, group or Environment. An Opportunity is identified from an Issue, and sits within a Context. Technological practice can be undertaken in an attempt to realise an identified Opportunity.

To make as effective/functional as possible.

Products and systems developed through Technological practice for a specific purpose. A technological Outcome is evaluated in terms of its Fitness for Purpose, and can be described by their physical and functional nature.

An output is Data that a computer sends.

Small chunks of information that have been carefully formed from larger chunks of information.

An extra piece of information passed to a Function to customize it for a specific Need

“Parity” often comes up in Error control as there is a well-known method based on it. The word “Parity” has a general meaning of simply saying if a number is even or odd. It comes from the same root word as “pair” – even Parity means that there is an even number of objects (they can be put in pairs), and odd Parity means they can’t be put into pairs. If you have 5 white socks, then they have odd Parity, but you want them to have even Parity! The System described in lesson plan one uses even Parity, as it is slightly easier to work with in this situation; so “even Parity” is just a fancy way of saying that there is an even number of something.

A bit added to a String of Binary code to detect errors. A Parity bit (also known as a “check bit”) gives Data either an odd or even Parity, which is used to validate the integrity of the Data.

Protect an invention – the main kinds of inventions that can be patented are: * a useful product that is new or improved, * a new or improved process that can be used in industry, * new computer technology * A fee is paid to IPONZ when applying for a Patent, and it will only be granted if an invention is: * novel i.e. not previously known in New Zealand (see Confidentiality agreements above). IPONZ has special arrangements for permitting the public display of inventions at events such as science fairs, prior to applying for a Patent. Certain procedures must be followed (check the IPONZ website well before your Event) and the Patent must be applied for within a specified time after the display. * not obvious – it must show an ‘inventive step’. * Owning a Patent means having the Legal right to prevent others in New Zealand commercialising an invention – although this could necessitate taking them to court (which could be costly). It does not have to be proved the invented product was copied, only that the same process of making it has been used commercially without your permission. * The Patent will be granted for 4 years, but it can be renewed regularly up to a maximum term of 20 years, after which the Patent expires.

Protect an invention – the main kinds of inventions that can be patented are: * a useful product that is new or improved, * a new or improved process that can be used in industry, * new computer technology A fee is paid to IPONZ when applying for a Patent, and it will only be granted if an invention is: * novel i.e. not previously known in New Zealand (see Confidentiality agreements above). IPONZ has special arrangements for permitting the public display of inventions at events such as science fairs, prior to applying for a Patent. Certain procedures must be followed (check the IPONZ website well before your Event) and the Patent must be applied for within a specified time after the display. * not obvious – it must show an ‘inventive step’. Owning a Patent means having the Legal right to prevent others in New Zealand commercialising an invention – although this could necessitate taking them to court (which could be costly). It does not have to be proved the invented product was copied, only that the same process of making it has been used commercially without your permission. The Patent will be granted for 4 years, but it can be renewed regularly up to a maximum term of 20 years, after which the Patent expires.

How well a System or Algorithm runs or operates.

Performance properties of materials refer to such things as thermal and electrical conductivity, water resistance, texture, flexibility, colour, etc. Subjective measurement is reliant on people’s perception (tasty, evokes a sense of natural beauty, warm and inviting, and so on), whereas objective measurement is not (conductivity, UV resistance, and so on).

Trying again and again, even when something is very hard.

A network software utility used to test if a computer is operating and its network connections are intact.

A planning tool that outlines intended actions to accomplish a specific goal. It sets out how Resources such as time, expertise, materials and finance will be used in a coherent and systematic manner during the development of a Technological solution. It establishes key Milestone outcomes and states how each of the Resources is to be used to achieve the Outcome at each Milestone stage.

Planning tools may include but are not limited to: brainstorms, mind-maps, idea banks, reflective journals and scrapbooks, plans of action, Gantt charts, flow diagrams, graphical organisers, and spreadsheets and databases.

Practical Reasoning focuses on knowing what is justifiable in social and ethical terms and is based on what “should” or “ought” to be done. It is the normative element of technology and reflects the social and cultural morals and ethics of technology.

Research, plan, and acquire materials for the activity you are about to do

Breaking down an Issue or problem into smaller ones, often so it can be solved more easily.

Tests may include, but are not limited to, Testing viscosity, sensory attributes, brix, moisture content, nutrition content using tables, presence (or absence) of microbial activity, degree of fermentation, and colour stability.

An Algorithm that has been coded into something that can be run by a machine. (Note: The Convention is to spell this word as ‘program’ but you may see the alternative spelling ‘programme’ sometimes. See this link on Grammarist as an explaination why https://grammarist.com/spelling/program-programme/

The process of writing a programme

A series of tasks that Need to be completed in order to reach a specific Outcome

Prototyping is the Modelling of a realised but yet-to-be-implemented technological Outcome. The purpose of prototyping is to evaluate the Fitness for Purpose of a technological Outcome against the brief and is undertaken to establish (or not) a defendable Case for its implementation, refinement or further development.

When information have been given to the user, developer, designer, tester.

A detailed but readable description of what a computer program or Algorithm must do. It uses the structural Conventions of a normal Programming language, but is intended to be read by humans rather than machines.

A type of Programming language. It is one of many high-level, general-purpose Programming languages. It was first released in 1991

A search in a database to retrieve Data that matches certain parameters.

RAM Stands for Random-Access Memory. It is a form of computer memory that can be ready or changed in any order. A RAM device allows Data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time, irrespective of the physical location of Data inside the memory.

A selection of items. When asked in the Context of an achievement standard it means at least three. In spreadsheets Range is a way of selecting a group of cells. A colon is used to separate the starting and ending cells. e.g. B4:F10

The term refers to a class of technologies that can automatically Construct physical models from Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Data. These “three dimensional printers” allow designers to quickly create tangible prototypes of their designs, rather than just two-dimensional pictures. Such models make excellent visual aids for communicating ideas and can be used for Design Testing.

Functional reasoning focuses on “how to make it happen” and “how it is happening”. Practical Reasoning focuses on knowing what is justifiable in social and ethical terms and is based on what “should” or “ought” to be done. It is the normative element of technology and reflects the social and cultural morals and ethics of technology.

Functional reasoning focuses on “how to make it happen” and “how it is happening”. Practical Reasoning focuses on knowing what is justifiable in social and ethical terms and is based on what “should” or “ought” to be done. It is the normative element of technology and reflects the social and cultural morals and ethics of technology.

The duplication of Component parts of a System and/or a subsystem as a “backup” or “fail safe” provision to increase Reliability.

The duplication of Component parts of a System and/or a subsystem as a “backup” or “fail safe” provision to increase Reliability.

To improve an idea, method, System, etc by making considered changes.

Carefully think back on something with the intention of improving the Outcome in the future

A record of progress, which may be used as a planning tool or for self or external assessment.

The external appearance of some products can be protected by applying to register a Design right at IPONZ. A Design right protects a new or original shape, pattern, or decorative finish that has been applied to the product by an industrial process. The registered Design will be granted for five years, but it can be renewed regularly up to a maximum term of 15 years, after which the registration expires. This kind of protection is similar to a Patent. It does not have to be proved the Design was copied, only that the same Design has been used commercially without permission. Although most Registered Designs will also be Copyright (which is free and arises automatically), registered Design protection is stronger. Many New Zealand manufacturers rely upon the protection for industrial designs which is available under the Copyright Act (see below) and do not apply for registered Design protection. However overseas Copyright laws do not generally protect industrial designs – if you plan to export your articles you should apply for registered Design protection in each country.

The Cell Reference will change when you copy the Cell Reference using a formula – B4 will change whenever it is copied. If you copy one Row down and one Column across the B will change to a C and 4 will change to a 5

In Technological systems, Reliability refers to a System’s ability to perform consistently and maintain its expected functions when operated within a specified manner.

The process of a device sending or receiving Data Packets to or from a location outside the home network. This can involve using a protocol such as TCP or UDP and resolving the DNS.

Used in version Control systems to refer to a place or location that contains files for a Project.

Materials broadly categorised as “resistant to change”, including wood, metal, ceramics, plastics, glass, and their composites.

Something (raw materials, time, personnel, information) used to help achieve an objective.

Reverse engineering is examining a finished product to figure out how it works and why.

The chance of an occurrence (an Event, action, or lack of action) that will have a negative impact upon objectives. Identified Risk is measured in terms of consequences and likelihood.

Being strong or in good Condition

Rongoā (medicine, drug, remedy) Māori refers to traditional Māori medicines produced from New Zealand native plants.

A horizontal series of cells in a spreadsheet. Usually represented by a number e.g. A3 is in Row 3.

A Rubric is an assessment tool that conveys a list of criteria important to the assessment task and then communicates gradations of quality for each criterion. For a Rubric to be most effective it should: * use specific language – avoiding terms like sometimes or rarely; * contain requirements that are both measureable and observable; * be written in positive language that all students can understand; and * be realistic, providing a valid entry point for all students.

A plan that identifies hazards and strategies to deal with them, developed within Technological practice. This plan may refer to physical, cultural, and ethical issues and their Fitness for Purpose.

The planning of actions and events to a timescale. This could be done as a list or Flow diagram or other Graphic organiser. Scheduling includes such things as planning construction orders or a production sequence.

Scope refers to the requirements, goals, conditions and limitations needed to complete a Project. Essentially it is what work needs to be carried out. Scope creep is when a Project grows beyond what was initially requested.

using logical thinking to Decompose a task into a sequence (or a series of steps)

A computer or computer programme which manages access to a centralised resource or service in a network.

Snake Case is a form of formatting used in Python and other languages. An underscore _ is used to separate words for Variables and functions. For example first_name

A type of writing in Programming where you use underscores (_) between each word in a compound word or a phrase. It is useful for Text-based programming because sometimes you Need to name something that needs more than one word and you can’t have spaces. For example: Sprite_running_Function (also see camelCase convention). Note this is the preferred Convention for Python

A set of software tools that are used to help build applications. These could be drivers for custom hardware or tools to enable code to be compiled for different systems.

The realisable means proposed by a technologist for meeting the requirements of a Brief. It will be presented in sufficiently detailed and clear manner that it is both fully realisable (suitable for implementation in practice), and can be fully tested against the Specifications in the Brief.

The code of a computer program written so it’s readable by a person and using the particular syntax of a Programming language, for example, C, Python, Java. Source code is compiled or interpreted into machine code able to be run by a computer.

An area of Design that focuses on the space between interior and exterior environments, both in the private and public realm. The emphasis of the Discipline is on working with people and space, particularly looking at the notion of place. Spatial Design uses research methods often found in disciplines such as product and service Design as well as social and historical methods.

Special features of textiles rely on the application of Advanced skills, such as style features, including set in sleeve, fly front, tailored collars and cuffs, welt pockets; decorative features, including pin tucking, embroidery, and shirring; and structural features, including 3D felting and combining different fibres and materials in felting, such as in nuno felting. Special features of Resistant materials rely on the application of Advanced craft skills to achieve the specified product for this achievement standard, and will require one or more special features from each of the categories below: * structural – such as mortise and tenon joint, lapped dovetailed drawer, annealed Component, mig-welded panels, sandcasted Component, and milling an Advanced Component * aesthetic – such as parquetry, inlaid Design, turned table legs, taper turned Component, and dressed edges.

Specifications Define the requirements of the physical and functional nature of the Outcome in a way that is measurable.

Specifications in a Brief Define (the nature of) the appearance and Performance requirements against which an Outcome can be evaluated as fit for purpose (by key and wider stakeholders). The Specifications may also include Constraints on both the Outcome and the practice that can be undertaken to develop it.

Specifications in a Brief Define (the nature of) the appearance and Performance requirements against which an Outcome can be evaluated as fit for purpose (by key and wider stakeholders). The Specifications may also include Constraints on both the Outcome and the practice that can be undertaken to develop it.

A Character or visual representation of an object in a computer game, simulation, or application.

A person or groups of people (families, whānau, communities, iwi, organisations, businesses) with a vested interest in a technological Outcome, and/or its development.

In relation to computing Static usually means that something is unable to change. In relation to Object Orientated Programming (OOP) Static is used to refer to a Variable or method that is used for multiple different objects. They can be called directly and do not Need an object to be instantiated (created) using a class.

An IP Address that does not change, no matter how many times you unplug the device. It is sometimes called a fixed Address. See Also, IP Address

The device used to store information for immediate use in a computer or related computer hardware device.

A Data Type used to store text. Often enclosed in “” or ”

The joining together of two or more strings of characters.

Evaluation methods based on personal opinion and Judgements, such as sensory tests (all senses) and opinion and preference surveys.

A formula use in a spreadsheet to calculate the total of a series (Range) of cells.

When assistiance ir provided or given.

The use of Resources, the creation of products and/or the provision of services in such a way as to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs by the same or similar means.

A Control mechanism in which the value of a Variable or expression changes the execution of a program and which usually involves multiple branches.

A Control mechanism in which the value of a Variable or expression changes the execution of a program and which usually involves multiple branches.

A set of interconnected parts designed to transform, store, transport or Control materials, energy and/or information.

The aim of technology education is for students to develop “a broad Technological Literacy” – to gain skills, knowledge, and understanding that will enable them to thoughtfully live with, critique, and contribute to the technological developments that shape our lives. Technologically literate young people: * have a broad understanding of how and why things work * understand how technological products and Technological systems are developed * can critically evaluate technological developments and trends * can Design and evaluate their own solutions in response to needs and opportunities. Like any other literacy, Technological Literacy is developed by exposure to a wide Range of relevant experiences over time. The three strands of the technology curriculum – Technological practice, technological knowledge, and the nature of technology – are designed to facilitate this.

Technological Modelling is the Testing of Design ideas to see if they can contribute to a fit-for-purpose technological Outcome. There are two types of Technological Modelling: * Functional Modelling is the ongoing Testing of Design concepts * Prototyping is the realisation of a fully functioning Model Taken together, the two types of Modelling Provide evidence of factors that may impact on, and consequences that may result from, the development of a technological Outcome. Technological Modelling involves two kinds of Reasoning: * Functional reasoning – how to make it happen, how it is happening * Practical Reasoning – should we make it happen? should it be happening?

Products and systems developed through Technological practice for a specific purpose. A technological Outcome is evaluated in terms of its Fitness for Purpose, and can be described by their physical and functional nature.

The incremental practices involved in creating a technological Outcome: including identifying needs or opportunities, exploring, defining and developing potential outcomes, and Modelling, evaluating, and Testing to Ensure resulting outcomes are fit for purpose.

The realisable means proposed by a technologist for meeting the requirements of a Brief. It will be presented in sufficiently detailed and clear manner that it is both fully realisable (suitable for implementation in practice), and can be fully tested against the Specifications in the Brief.

Sets of interconnected components that transform, store, transport, or Control materials, energy, and/or information for particular purposes. In any System, how the parts work together is as important as their individual characteristics. Important Technological systems concepts include: – input, output, Transformation, and Control – “[black box](https://technology.tki.org.nz/Glossary#glossary_33062 “Link to the ‘Black box‘ glossary term. “)” – Redundancy and [reliability](https://technology.tki.org.nz/Glossary#glossary_33007 “Link to the ‘Reliability‘ glossary term. “) – Operational parameters.

A set of interconnected parts designed to transform, store, transport or Control materials, energy and/or information.

Technological Modelling is the Testing of Design ideas to see if they can contribute to a fit-for-purpose technological Outcome. There are two types of Technological Modelling: * Functional Modelling is the ongoing Testing of Design concepts * Prototyping is the realisation of a fully functioning Model Taken together, the two types of Modelling Provide evidence of factors that may impact on, and consequences that may result from, the development of a technological Outcome. Technological Modelling involves two kinds of Reasoning: * Functional reasoning – how to make it happen, how it is happening * Practical Reasoning – should we make it happen? should it be happening?

Testing is about confirming decisions and ensuring that the desired result is produced for an Outcome or Component. It is carried out during development as ongoing Testing to Ensure that components work as intended and the final Outcome is tested to Ensure that all parts work correctly when combined together to produce the final Outcome.

A traditional Programming method in which letters, numbers, and symbols are typed to determine Inputs and Outputs. Text-based programming languages such as Python, C, and Java require programmers to follow a formal, text-based syntax.

A brand or logo distinguishing the goods or services of one trader from another can be registered as a trade mark at IPONZ. A registered trade mark is entitled to display the ® symbol. A fee is paid to IPONZ when applying to register a trade mark. The main requirements for registration are that the trade mark is: * described graphically, that is, in words or pictures; * distinctive (unusual) and not something that is descriptive of the goods or services, because that would prevent other traders using that word; * not misleading or deceptive; * not offensive to any section of the New Zealand community, including Maori. A trade mark is registered for one or more particular classes of goods or services in New Zealand. Other traders might register the same trade mark for different kinds of goods and or services. However, Trade marks that are considered world famous are not permitted to be registered in New Zealand by another trader for any class of goods. Nobody else can use the registered trade mark for trading purposes for goods or services of the same class. If they do, a Legal action can be brought against them. A registered trade mark never expires so long as it is continuously used by its owner for commercial purposes and a renewal fee is paid to IPONZ every ten years.

Once the idea is developed into a commercial product the inventor could choose to continue to keep the way it is made a trade secret. Any employees who Need to know the trade secret would have to sign a Confidentiality agreement in their employment contracts. The trade secret lasts for ever, provided nobody reveals the information. If they do, the only remedy is to sue them for damages – but the secret is out in the open! A person cannot prevent somebody independently working out how they have made the same product (i.e. ‘reverse engineering the process’).

A brand or logo distinguishing the goods or services of one trader from another can be registered as a trade mark at IPONZ. A registered trade mark is entitled to display the ® symbol. A fee is paid to IPONZ when applying to register a trade mark. The main requirements for registration are that the trade mark is: * described graphically, that is, in words or pictures; * distinctive (unusual) and not something that is descriptive of the goods or services, because that would prevent other traders using that word; * not misleading or deceptive; * not offensive to any section of the New Zealand community, including Maori. A trade mark is registered for one or more particular classes of goods or services in New Zealand. Other traders might register the same trade mark for different kinds of goods and or services. However, Trade marks that are considered world famous are not permitted to be registered in New Zealand by another trader for any class of goods. Nobody else can use the registered trade mark for trading purposes for goods or services of the same class. If they do, a Legal action can be brought against them. A registered trade mark never expires so long as it is continuously used by its owner for commercial purposes and a renewal fee is paid to IPONZ every ten years.

Transforming refers to changing the structure or particle alignment within an existing material in order to change some of its properties, but, in terms of its composition, it remains the same material. For example, felting; beating an egg white; heat treating metals to harden or anneal them; steaming timber to soften its fibres so that it can be manipulated (bent).

Processes that occur within a System to Ensure the Inputs are changed into the Outputs in a controlled and intended way, without Need for additional human Design input. Transforming refers to changing the structure or particle alignment within an existing material in order to change some of its properties, but, in terms of its composition, it remains the same material. For example, felting; beating an egg white; heat treating metals to harden or anneal them; steaming timber to soften its fibres so that it can be manipulated (bent).

the process of transferring Data from one place to another

Trialling is about gathering information to inform decision making. This can be trying out a Range of options and selecting the best option. You should seek Feedback on the options that you trial. The focus is on Trialling the components and components (parts) of the Outcome.

URL stands for “Universal Resource Locator”, it is an easy to remember Address for calling a web page (like www.code.org)

Usability is a term used to denote the ease with which people can employ a particular tool or other human-made object in order to achieve a particular goal. In human-computer interaction and computer science, Usability usually refers to the elegance and clarity with which the user interface of a computer program or a web site is designed. The concept of Usability also includes learnability, retainability and user satisfaction.

Usability Testing is an effective way to verify an existing Design or System. It is a structured observation of users in a laboratory setting. Users are observed performing important tasks with a working System or Prototype. They are asked to “think aloud” while completing the tasks. This includes describing what they are trying to do, the hypotheses they are forming, their expected results of an action, etc. The evaluator observes the user’s Performance noting problems, comments, circuitous paths, etc. Usability tests are useful for collecting quantitative Data regarding time per task and number of errors. (Rubin, 1994) The evaluator always explains to users that only the software is being tested, not the user themselves. Debriefing is usually included to get gather additional information about the user’s experience. A Usability test is typically videotaped so the evaluator may perform more detailed observations and analysis after the test.

In the User-centered design paradigm, the product is designed with its intended users in mind at all times. In the user-driven or participatory Design paradigm, some of the users become actual or de facto members of the Design team.

A placeholder for a piece of information that can change.

“Containers” used to label and store Data in memory. The Data can then be used throughout a program: * Integer Variables use only numbers and so can be used for calculations * String Variables are sequences of code that may contain numbers, letters, and other characters, and so cannot be used for calculations.

A method of sending information using telephone or television cables.

Wider (community) stakeholders are those people that are less directly influential for or impacted on by the practice or Outcome. They can, nonetheless, be identified as having some level of influence, often through others, and/or they may be affected by the Project or its Outcome in the future.

A wireless method of sending information using radio waves